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Calluna
''Calluna vulgaris'' (known as common heather, ling, or simply heather) is the sole species in the genus ''Calluna'' in the family Ericaceae. It is a low-growing perennial shrub growing to tall, or rarely to and taller,〔"In favorable conditions, old plants can grow to the height of a man, and have hidden many a fugitive," remarks Alice M. Coats, ''British Shrubs and Their Histories'' (1964) 1992, ''s.v.'' "Calluna".〕 and is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on acidic soils in open sunny situations and in moderate shade. It is the dominant plant in most heathland and moorland in Europe, and in some bog vegetation and acidic pine and oak woodland. It is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning, and is often managed in nature reserves and grouse moors by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning.
Referred to as ''Erica'' in all the old references, ''Calluna'' was separated from the closely related genus ''Erica'' by Richard Anthony Salisbury, who devised the generic name ''Calluna'' probably from the Greek ''Kallyno (καλλύνω)'', "beautify, sweep clean", in reference to its traditional use in besoms. The specific epithet ''vulgaris'' is Latin for 'common'. ''Calluna'' is differentiated from ''Erica'' by its corolla and calyx each being in four parts instead of five.
== Description==
''Calluna'' has small scale-leaves (less than 2–3 mm long) borne in opposite and decussate pairs, whereas those of ''Erica'' are generally larger and in whorls of 3-4, sometimes 5.〔C. Stace (2010) New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press.〕 The flowers emerge in late summer; in wild plants these are normally mauve, but white-flowered plants also occur occasionally. They are terminal in racemes with sepal-like bracts at the base with a superior ovary, the fruit a capsule.〔Parnell, P. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press ISBN 978-185918-4783〕Unlike ''Erica'', ''Calluna'' sometimes sports double flowers. ''Calluna'' is sometimes referred to as Summer (or Autumn) heather to distinguish it from winter or spring flowering species of ''Erica''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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